How TQM Can Be Distinguished From Ordinary or Traditional Management Systems Free Essay Example, 3000 words

It is evidently clear from the discussion that TQM can be distinguished from ordinary or traditional management systems in many ways. Firstly, if the concept of TQM is philosophically studied and deeply scrutinized, it is concluded that it emphasizes on struggling for continuous improvement since it is a philosophy of ceaseless improvement. The ceaseless improvement reflects the ongoing change in the way quality is observed by the customers and struggled to be incorporated into the products by the management. TQM strongly goes against setting a particular level of achievement and then directing every effort toward achieving the established standards that are unchangeable. This is because the quality is defined by customers, and that is a continuously changing or rapidly reshaping definition. The management system of an organization has to be very flexible in its approach if it wants to meet the customers expectations and ensure their satisfaction by offering them the quality of prod ucts that they desire. According to Reid Sanders, in stark contrast to the customer focus approach that defines TQM, traditional management models were not that much preoccupied or constantly worried about upgrading the level of quality, instead, they struggled to maintain the same level of quality, once achieved. We will write a custom essay sample on How TQM Can Be Distinguished From Ordinary or Traditional Management Systems or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/page

Human Existence Be Possible Without Communication Essay

Would human existence be possible without communication? How would human beings interact with each other and the environment, develop relationships, and understand the environment without communication? Basically, communication is the most significant factor across societies that plays a crucial role in shaping human destiny. The concept and process of communication has attracted several definitions because of the varying considerations of its significance in human life. Communication is defined as a tool for managing interactions and relationships between people and interpreting and interacting with the environment. Through communication, people describe their feelings, purpose, and perceptions of the society and world (McFarlane, 2010, p.2). It is also defined as a process through which people give and convey meaning in order to develop shared or mutual understanding. Does communication occur automatically? Most people are born with the ability to communication and are ultimately exposed to communication tools. Regardless of this ability, people must learn to communicate because of the difference between communicating and effective communication. In essence, communication is basically a learned skill. Even though people have the physical abilities to obtain vital communication tools, effective communication is not guaranteed. Therefore, people must use these communication skills properly in order to enhance their ability to communicate effectively. Communication isShow MoreRelatedExistence After Physical Death Considered1180 Words   |  5 PagesExistence After Physical Death Considered To address the question, â€Å"Is human survival of a physical death an intelligible or defensible theory?† in the affirmative, requires postulating that: 1) The definition of human includes the characteristic of a unique soul or spirit associated with each physical human body and, 2) Miracles, events unexplained by men’s physical and natural laws, can occur and, 3) A substance dualist philosophy that the body including the brain is physical matter but the mindRead MoreArthur Schopenhauer’s â€Å"Will and Representation Essay1428 Words   |  6 Pageshumanity and existence itself and therefore can only be fully appreciated with at least some reference to his other ideas. In this paper I will attempt to illustrate Schopenhauer’s philosophy of art while highlighting pertinent aspects of his other related theories such as the aesthetic value of nature. 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TLS is effectiveRead MoreThe Advantage : Why Organizational Health Trumps Everything Else1456 Words   |  6 Pagescompany where clarity, focus and teamwork exist it creates a successful healthy organization. Patrick Lencioni arguing that the most ideally organizations are not those that are inherently smarter than others with respect to financial management, human resources, strategy, technology and marketing. Instead, he asserts that the best organization entities are those deemed to be healthy. Healthy organizations are more disciplined and have cohesive team, which helps avoid politics and confusion. As aRead MoreSocial Norms And Its Effect On Society1253 Words   |  6 Pagesgive rise to different social dynamics and social events. For a long time, social scientists have disagreed on which component plays a dominant role. The study of social norms can help us understand a wide variety of seemingly puzzling human behavior. 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On the Problem of Induction Free Essays

A Critique of Nelson Goodman’s Concept of the New Riddle of Induction The development of the method of induction has been privy to the presentation and solution of riddles. At the initial level of its development, it has been privy to the old riddle of induction discovered by Hume. After the solution of the former riddle, however, a new riddle of induction was discovered by Nelson Goodman. We will write a custom essay sample on On the Problem of Induction or any similar topic only for you Order Now In lieu of this, this paper opts to consider the development of the method of induction as a methodology defined by Hume and Goodman’s conception of the Inductive method. Induction refers to â€Å"a method of reasoning by which a general law or principle is inferred from observed particular instances† (Flew 171). The method of inductive inference may be considered as the primary means through which justifications are formulated to show the relationship of evidence towards particular assumptions (Norton 2). The process of induction, in this sense, may be seen to arise whenever we note that evidence lends support to a hypothesis while in the process failing to establish its deductive certainty. It was such a formulation of the method of induction that enabled the conception of the first riddle. What follows is a presentation of the main arguments of the aforementioned riddle as formulated by David Hume. Hume argued that since no necessary connections exists between empirical phenomena, it is always possible that a future observation will prove our inferences wrong no matter how appealing it may have been or how richly supported by past observations. This problem, in the more recent formulations of the problem has been referred to as the uniformity principle [in this sense the lack of such uniformity]. According to the argument, nature has no uniformity. If such is the case it thereby follows that there is no voucher that which ensure the consistency of man’s most refined predictions. It might be argued that such an assumption has never been denied in the formulation of predictions however there has been agreement regarding the results of such an agreement [or lack thereof] within the province of induction. To some, it means that induction is never valid or justified, while to others, it means that induction simply calls for different standards of validity (Landesman 164). The latter view strips the aforementioned riddle [Humean riddle] of its problematic context. This is evident if one considers that since the rules of deductive validity are inapplicable to induction, it cannot be a problem that inductive inference is unavoidably attended by the possibility that a future observation may prove it wrong (Goodman 4). The old riddle is then dismissed because it cannot possibly be the genuine problem of induction. Fact, Fiction, and Forecast present Goodman’s construal of what he refers to as the new riddle of induction. After refuting the old riddle of induction [the refutation of which is evident in the former paragraph], Goodman proceeds to outline what he takes to be the genuine problem of induction and its tentative solution. The problem of induction, he writes, is a problem of demonstrating the difference between valid and invalid predictions (Goodman 4). According to Goodman, a prediction is valid if it conforms to a valid rule of induction, and a rule is valid if it yields valid predictions. He acknowledges that such an assumption is characterized by circularity however he notes that it is important to perceive such a conception of the problem in terms of the conceptions of justifications for arguments.   Goodman notes that inductive predictions based on past regularities work better than those based on any other alternative. If such is the case, the rules for formulating predictions must be constructed in such a way that they will coincide with common practices of inductive reasoning. This, on the other hand, is further developed by the quality of predictions, which it produces. This is clearly explicated by Rubenstein as he notes, â€Å"the centerpiece of a valid inductive logic [according to Goodman] is its reliance on past regularities, and the prescriptive mandate of inductive validity is inseparable from a descriptive account of how inductive judgments are commonly made† (39). This has been the result of Goodman’s dissolution of the old riddle of induction. What follows this is Goodman’s explication that the most promising solution of the aforementioned riddle is untenable. It is through the introduction of such untenability that Goodman presents what he perceives to be the new riddle of induction. Goodman presents two hypotheses that are to be addressed through the use of the inductive method. One says that all emeralds are green and the other says that all emeralds are grue, where grue is said to apply to all things examined before t just in case they are green but to other things just in case they are blue (Goodman 10). Both hypotheses seem to be equally well supported by the evidence: all emeralds examined prior to t have been found to be green and grue. However, the two hypotheses are mutually exclusive. If emeralds are grue, they will be blue at t and thereafter, but if the alternative hypothesis is correct, they will be green. Thus, we are left with the paradox that Goodman christened the ‘new riddle of induction’. We cannot, after all, justify induction by appealing to past regularities. However, the reason, according to Goodman, is not the lack of the elusive uniformity principle, but the previously unrecognized ubiquity of regularities.   According to Goodman, regularities exist where one finds them. In relation to this Goodman states that one, however, finds them everywhere (12). If such is the case, it therefore follows that it is useless to base inductive validity on past regularities since it is not possible to predict and hence distinguish which regularities are valid and invalid. At this point, I would like to present a summary of the aforementioned discussion. In the aforementioned discussion, Goodman believes that the old riddle [the Humean riddle/the uniformity principle] has been dissolved and that induction is justified by past regularities. The only remaining difficulty he sees, however, lies in finding a rule for distinguishing between regularities that do and do not yield valid inductive predictions. As was noted in the above discussion, the possibility of such is not possible. This is evident if one considers that regularity necessitates the occurrence of acts of inductive inference. Therefore, the genuine problem of induction cannot be the distinction between the distinction of regularities that do or do not yield valid inductive predictions since the specification of such necessitates the formulation of inductive inferences. As I reckon, Goodman aforementioned conception fails to account for the process of induction. It is important to note that Goodman contends that induction begins with regularity. Rubenstein notes, â€Å"induction does not begin with regularity – it ends with it† (44). The failure to consider this leads Goodman to misconstrue the problem of induction. It is important to note that experience of reality does not necessarily start with regularities but rather with individual observations. The role of induction, in this sense lies in providing us with justified methods that allows us to posit the observations that we will account for as regularities. Goodman, however, failed to account for this. In addition to this, it is important to note that such a failure can also be traced to Goodman’s assumptions regarding the process in which individuals formulate inferences. Goodman’s error is compounded when he makes a distinction between identifying regularity and projecting it. Once we have decided that our observations represent regularity, it is automatically projected in both temporal directions. This is, in fact, what we mean by applying the term regularity to our data. Furthermore, Stich and Nisbett contend that the â€Å"equilibrium with inductive practices† that Goodman posited as a necessary aspect in formulating a valid inductive methodology is â€Å"neither necessary nor sufficient for a rule of inductive inference to be justified† (194). They argue that such an assumption fails to consider that â€Å"human subjects regularly and systematically make invalid inferences† and that there an instance wherein human reasoning enables an individual to â€Å"accept invalid rules and reject valid one’s that ought to govern the inference at hand† (Stitch and Nisbett 194). In summary, the aforementioned paper presented Goodman’s arguments in relation to his conception of the new riddle in induction. Such a riddle, however, under scrutiny may be seen as based upon a mistaken assumption of the justification process of beliefs that necessitates the introduction of information garnered through the method of induction. This is evident, for example, if one considers the manner in which observations enable the formulation of regularities and not the other way around. An analysis of Goodman’s supposed riddle of induction thereby leaves the reader wondering if such a riddle may be considered as a valid concern for the adherents of the inductive methodology. Works Cited Flew, Anthony.   A Dictionary of Philosophy.   London: Pan Books, 1983. Goodman, Nelson.   Fact, Fiction, and Forecast.   Massachussets: Harvard University Press, 1983. Landesman, Charles.  Ã‚   Skepticism: The Central Issues.   London: Blackwell Publishing, 2002. Rubenstein, Arthur.   â€Å"Induction, Grue Emeralds and Lady Macbeth’s Fallacy.†Ã‚   The Philosophical Quarterly 48.190 (Jan. 1998): 37-49. Stitch, Stephen and Richard Nisbett.   â€Å"Justification and the Psychology of Human Reasoning.’   Philosophy of Science 47.2 (Jun. 1980): 188-202. How to cite On the Problem of Induction, Essay examples

Othello Quotes and Techniques free essay sample

Lucy Holman Find quotes which provide information about the following key areas of the play. Attempt to identify material that reveals how these aspects are a source of conflict: |Aspect of the Play |Quotes |How these aspects create conflict | |Patriarchy |-â€Å"How got she out? |-This aspect is highlight with gender conflict in the | | |-â€Å"Oh, she deceives me! † |play by use of animal imagery, referring to Desdemona | | | |as that of a dog. | | |-The dramatic reference shows misogyny and the | | | |perspective on women as deceitful and cunning which | | | |causes further conflict among the genders. | | | | |Hierarchy Apex of Power |-â€Å"Our great Captain’s captain. † Desdemona’s high status is before her time and creates| | |-Cassio, I love thee; but never more be officer of |conflict as the societies were patriarchs. | |mine |-Indicates the shame when one loses their status and | | | |blackens their reputation. | |Christianity/Religious beliefs |-For Christian shame, put by this barbarous brawl | | | | | | | | | |Ideas relating to witchcraft/Superstitions |â€Å"we work by wit, and not by witchcraft† |-Depicts superstitions and the fear of supernatural. We will write a custom essay sample on Othello Quotes and Techniques or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page | | |Creates conflict by the relation of witches to the | | | |devil. |War/Colonisation |â€Å"One Michael Cassio, a Florentine, |-Iago is envious of Cassio’s promotion and says that | | |A fellow almost damnd in a fair wife; |he doesn’t know more about warfare than a housewife or | | |That never set a squadron in the field, |a spinster does, this highlights the jealousy cause by | | |Nor the division of a battle knows |statuses involved in warfare hierarchy. | | |More than a spinster† | | | | | | |Honour/ Reputation |â€Å"Reputation, reputation, reputation! Oh, I have lost my|-shows the importance of reputation and social status | | |reputation! I have lost the immortal part of myself, |and the conflict causes when that reputation is | | |and what remains is bestial. † |tarnished. | | | | | |Setting – Venice Cyprus |-â€Å"Heaven bless the island of Cyprus and our noble | | | general Othello† | | | |-if sanctimony and a frail vow betwixt an erring | | | |barbarian and a supersubtle Venetian†¦Ã¢â‚¬  | | | | | | |Civilisation vs. Barbarianism |-For Christian shame, put by this barbarous brawl |-Conflict is caused by barbarianism and called to cease| | | |â€Å"for Christian shame† . Christianity is depicted as | | | |civilised in contrast to barbarianism | |Order (Natural order as ordained by God) vs. |-â€Å"Against all rules of nature† |-referrence to the view of individuals concerning | |Disorder | |Othello and Desdemona’s relationship. These shunning | | | |opinions show social conflict | Identify Quotes which use the following techniques and comment on the effect they have on the meaning conveyed: Techniques |Quote |Effect | |Imagery e. g. animal, dark |-â€Å"old black ram is tupping you white ewe† |-conveys the view of Othello as dirty and unwanted in | | | |comparison to pure Desdemona and highlights racial conflict| | | |present. | |Dramatic Irony |-â€Å"you advise me well. |-Cassios trust in Iago demonstrates the power of | | | |manipulation. | |Soliloquy |Thus do I ever make my fool my purse |Reveals to the audience the character’s true nature and | | | |intentions, allowing further insight into the story. | |Symbolism | -The handkerchief given to Desdemona as a token of |When Othello finds that the handkerchief is in Cassio’s | | |Othello’s love. possession it confirms his suspicions about Desdemona as it| | | |symbolises the placement of her love. | |Puns |â€Å"Moorship† |â€Å"His worship, is a term of respect, so Iagos pun, | | | |Moorship, mocks both Othellos race and his character. | |Duality e. g. Black/White, Honesty/ Duplicity |honourable murderer |Othello’s reference to himself after killing desdemona. | | | |Conveys contrasting aspects of the play. |Iambic Pentameter | |Shakespeares writing style produces a beat more enjoyable | | | |for the reader | |Rhyming couplets |â€Å"Come, my dear love, |Shows character in a more attractive, honest light. | | |The purchase made, the fruits are to ensue; | | | |The profit’s yet to come ’tween me and you. † | | |Prose |But partly led to diet my revenge, For that I do |Shows characters in a dull, les s attractive, and possibly | | |suspect the lusty Moor Hath leaped into my seat, |evil manner. | |the thought whereof Doth like a poisonous mineral | | | |gnaw my inwards | | |Imagery |â€Å"now making the beast with two backs† |Iago uses dark sexual imagery to emphasise the disgust felt| | | |towards Othello | |Oxymoron |â€Å"soldier of love† |Highlights specific irony in the situation |