How TQM Can Be Distinguished From Ordinary or Traditional Management Systems Free Essay Example, 3000 words

It is evidently clear from the discussion that TQM can be distinguished from ordinary or traditional management systems in many ways. Firstly, if the concept of TQM is philosophically studied and deeply scrutinized, it is concluded that it emphasizes on struggling for continuous improvement since it is a philosophy of ceaseless improvement. The ceaseless improvement reflects the ongoing change in the way quality is observed by the customers and struggled to be incorporated into the products by the management. TQM strongly goes against setting a particular level of achievement and then directing every effort toward achieving the established standards that are unchangeable. This is because the quality is defined by customers, and that is a continuously changing or rapidly reshaping definition. The management system of an organization has to be very flexible in its approach if it wants to meet the customers expectations and ensure their satisfaction by offering them the quality of prod ucts that they desire. According to Reid Sanders, in stark contrast to the customer focus approach that defines TQM, traditional management models were not that much preoccupied or constantly worried about upgrading the level of quality, instead, they struggled to maintain the same level of quality, once achieved. We will write a custom essay sample on How TQM Can Be Distinguished From Ordinary or Traditional Management Systems or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/page

Human Existence Be Possible Without Communication Essay

Would human existence be possible without communication? How would human beings interact with each other and the environment, develop relationships, and understand the environment without communication? Basically, communication is the most significant factor across societies that plays a crucial role in shaping human destiny. The concept and process of communication has attracted several definitions because of the varying considerations of its significance in human life. Communication is defined as a tool for managing interactions and relationships between people and interpreting and interacting with the environment. Through communication, people describe their feelings, purpose, and perceptions of the society and world (McFarlane, 2010, p.2). It is also defined as a process through which people give and convey meaning in order to develop shared or mutual understanding. Does communication occur automatically? Most people are born with the ability to communication and are ultimately exposed to communication tools. Regardless of this ability, people must learn to communicate because of the difference between communicating and effective communication. In essence, communication is basically a learned skill. Even though people have the physical abilities to obtain vital communication tools, effective communication is not guaranteed. Therefore, people must use these communication skills properly in order to enhance their ability to communicate effectively. Communication isShow MoreRelatedExistence After Physical Death Considered1180 Words   |  5 PagesExistence After Physical Death Considered To address the question, â€Å"Is human survival of a physical death an intelligible or defensible theory?† in the affirmative, requires postulating that: 1) The definition of human includes the characteristic of a unique soul or spirit associated with each physical human body and, 2) Miracles, events unexplained by men’s physical and natural laws, can occur and, 3) A substance dualist philosophy that the body including the brain is physical matter but the mindRead MoreArthur Schopenhauer’s â€Å"Will and Representation Essay1428 Words   |  6 Pageshumanity and existence itself and therefore can only be fully appreciated with at least some reference to his other ideas. In this paper I will attempt to illustrate Schopenhauer’s philosophy of art while highlighting pertinent aspects of his other related theories such as the aesthetic value of nature. I will conclude by using several theories of Schopenhauer’s I have summarized to contrast humanity’s relationship with both art and nature. Schopenhauer felt that suffering is part of human nature. HumansRead MoreFive Important Scientific Discoveries1699 Words   |  7 Pagesexperiments whether we knew it or not and have come to conclusions about certain situation and why things are the way they are. Science had impacted the life of humans and there very lifestyle and is evident everywhere in every aspect of it. Till date, science is making more and more discoveries that promotes development and saves lives. But without the past scientific discoveries which acts as a foundation, that has been tremendously built on, science will not have reach the heights, it is reaching inRead MoreAre Ufos Prove Of Extraterrestrial Life?1525 Words   |  7 Pagesunidentified flying objects (UFOs). Initially, the term UFO was used to define the identifiable anomalies that usually occur in the sky that does not conform to any presently known or familiar objects. People often relate UFOs to alien visitations, the existence of extraterres trial life and government-related conspiracy theories. The United States Air Force developed this term in 1953. It was to replace the flying saucer name which was initially used to refer to such objects after 1947. Before this periodRead MoreEvolution of Intelligence1228 Words   |  5 Pagesevolved from the past. The innovation of fire furthered to the light bulb, as the hut became the skyscraper. This topic is worthy to investigate because modern humans have advanced so greatly, but how exactly had our genius evolved and where did our intelligence start. How are the intelligence of early humans different from that of modern humans, and what inferences can be made from this data? What is intelligence exactly? Intelligence is the ability to acquire and apply knowledge and skills or â€Å"theRead MoreCommunication Is The Process Of Passing A Message Or A Medium Or Channel?918 Words   |  4 PagesCommunication is the process of passing a message or information from the sender to the receiver through a medium or channel. It is an essence of human interaction, relationships and learning. It’s also the process of using sound, sign and words to exchange information or express ideas and feelings to another person. The sender and the receiver of the message can interact face to face, or they can be far apart. For instance, people conversing together face to face. This implies that they are nearRead MoreReligion and Atheism1444 Words   |  6 Pagesthe life and the after-life existence of the humans. The particularity of the religions is that they are all centered on something greater than humans. Still, all religions are different from atheism, which is th e denial of the existence of a deity. The scope of this paper is that of assessing atheism in a more objective manner and eliminating some of the previous prejudices. 1. General information about atheism Atheism is the general lack of belief in the existence of a deity. The word, in isRead MoreTerm Analysis : TLS Fingerprinting And Client Identification1113 Words   |  5 Pagesand Client Identification The Transport Layer Security (TLS) is a security technique that provides a method of selecting communication and encryption protocols that both a client and a server can effectively utilize. TLS provides security for a wide variety of communication between networks, ranging from financial transactions on major retail websites, to private communications between individuals, all the way down to malware returning the data it has illicitly acquired to the creator. TLS is effectiveRead MoreThe Advantage : Why Organizational Health Trumps Everything Else1456 Words   |  6 Pagescompany where clarity, focus and teamwork exist it creates a successful healthy organization. Patrick Lencioni arguing that the most ideally organizations are not those that are inherently smarter than others with respect to financial management, human resources, strategy, technology and marketing. Instead, he asserts that the best organization entities are those deemed to be healthy. Healthy organizations are more disciplined and have cohesive team, which helps avoid politics and confusion. As aRead MoreSocial Norms And Its Effect On Society1253 Words   |  6 Pagesgive rise to different social dynamics and social events. For a long time, social scientists have disagreed on which component plays a dominant role. The study of social norms can help us understand a wide variety of seemingly puzzling human behavior. As norm existence and compliance can be best understood in terms of conditional preferences for following behavioral rules that apply to classes of social interactions; preferences are conditional on two different kinds of expectations. The empirical expectation

On the Problem of Induction Free Essays

A Critique of Nelson Goodman’s Concept of the New Riddle of Induction The development of the method of induction has been privy to the presentation and solution of riddles. At the initial level of its development, it has been privy to the old riddle of induction discovered by Hume. After the solution of the former riddle, however, a new riddle of induction was discovered by Nelson Goodman. We will write a custom essay sample on On the Problem of Induction or any similar topic only for you Order Now In lieu of this, this paper opts to consider the development of the method of induction as a methodology defined by Hume and Goodman’s conception of the Inductive method. Induction refers to â€Å"a method of reasoning by which a general law or principle is inferred from observed particular instances† (Flew 171). The method of inductive inference may be considered as the primary means through which justifications are formulated to show the relationship of evidence towards particular assumptions (Norton 2). The process of induction, in this sense, may be seen to arise whenever we note that evidence lends support to a hypothesis while in the process failing to establish its deductive certainty. It was such a formulation of the method of induction that enabled the conception of the first riddle. What follows is a presentation of the main arguments of the aforementioned riddle as formulated by David Hume. Hume argued that since no necessary connections exists between empirical phenomena, it is always possible that a future observation will prove our inferences wrong no matter how appealing it may have been or how richly supported by past observations. This problem, in the more recent formulations of the problem has been referred to as the uniformity principle [in this sense the lack of such uniformity]. According to the argument, nature has no uniformity. If such is the case it thereby follows that there is no voucher that which ensure the consistency of man’s most refined predictions. It might be argued that such an assumption has never been denied in the formulation of predictions however there has been agreement regarding the results of such an agreement [or lack thereof] within the province of induction. To some, it means that induction is never valid or justified, while to others, it means that induction simply calls for different standards of validity (Landesman 164). The latter view strips the aforementioned riddle [Humean riddle] of its problematic context. This is evident if one considers that since the rules of deductive validity are inapplicable to induction, it cannot be a problem that inductive inference is unavoidably attended by the possibility that a future observation may prove it wrong (Goodman 4). The old riddle is then dismissed because it cannot possibly be the genuine problem of induction. Fact, Fiction, and Forecast present Goodman’s construal of what he refers to as the new riddle of induction. After refuting the old riddle of induction [the refutation of which is evident in the former paragraph], Goodman proceeds to outline what he takes to be the genuine problem of induction and its tentative solution. The problem of induction, he writes, is a problem of demonstrating the difference between valid and invalid predictions (Goodman 4). According to Goodman, a prediction is valid if it conforms to a valid rule of induction, and a rule is valid if it yields valid predictions. He acknowledges that such an assumption is characterized by circularity however he notes that it is important to perceive such a conception of the problem in terms of the conceptions of justifications for arguments.   Goodman notes that inductive predictions based on past regularities work better than those based on any other alternative. If such is the case, the rules for formulating predictions must be constructed in such a way that they will coincide with common practices of inductive reasoning. This, on the other hand, is further developed by the quality of predictions, which it produces. This is clearly explicated by Rubenstein as he notes, â€Å"the centerpiece of a valid inductive logic [according to Goodman] is its reliance on past regularities, and the prescriptive mandate of inductive validity is inseparable from a descriptive account of how inductive judgments are commonly made† (39). This has been the result of Goodman’s dissolution of the old riddle of induction. What follows this is Goodman’s explication that the most promising solution of the aforementioned riddle is untenable. It is through the introduction of such untenability that Goodman presents what he perceives to be the new riddle of induction. Goodman presents two hypotheses that are to be addressed through the use of the inductive method. One says that all emeralds are green and the other says that all emeralds are grue, where grue is said to apply to all things examined before t just in case they are green but to other things just in case they are blue (Goodman 10). Both hypotheses seem to be equally well supported by the evidence: all emeralds examined prior to t have been found to be green and grue. However, the two hypotheses are mutually exclusive. If emeralds are grue, they will be blue at t and thereafter, but if the alternative hypothesis is correct, they will be green. Thus, we are left with the paradox that Goodman christened the ‘new riddle of induction’. We cannot, after all, justify induction by appealing to past regularities. However, the reason, according to Goodman, is not the lack of the elusive uniformity principle, but the previously unrecognized ubiquity of regularities.   According to Goodman, regularities exist where one finds them. In relation to this Goodman states that one, however, finds them everywhere (12). If such is the case, it therefore follows that it is useless to base inductive validity on past regularities since it is not possible to predict and hence distinguish which regularities are valid and invalid. At this point, I would like to present a summary of the aforementioned discussion. In the aforementioned discussion, Goodman believes that the old riddle [the Humean riddle/the uniformity principle] has been dissolved and that induction is justified by past regularities. The only remaining difficulty he sees, however, lies in finding a rule for distinguishing between regularities that do and do not yield valid inductive predictions. As was noted in the above discussion, the possibility of such is not possible. This is evident if one considers that regularity necessitates the occurrence of acts of inductive inference. Therefore, the genuine problem of induction cannot be the distinction between the distinction of regularities that do or do not yield valid inductive predictions since the specification of such necessitates the formulation of inductive inferences. As I reckon, Goodman aforementioned conception fails to account for the process of induction. It is important to note that Goodman contends that induction begins with regularity. Rubenstein notes, â€Å"induction does not begin with regularity – it ends with it† (44). The failure to consider this leads Goodman to misconstrue the problem of induction. It is important to note that experience of reality does not necessarily start with regularities but rather with individual observations. The role of induction, in this sense lies in providing us with justified methods that allows us to posit the observations that we will account for as regularities. Goodman, however, failed to account for this. In addition to this, it is important to note that such a failure can also be traced to Goodman’s assumptions regarding the process in which individuals formulate inferences. Goodman’s error is compounded when he makes a distinction between identifying regularity and projecting it. Once we have decided that our observations represent regularity, it is automatically projected in both temporal directions. This is, in fact, what we mean by applying the term regularity to our data. Furthermore, Stich and Nisbett contend that the â€Å"equilibrium with inductive practices† that Goodman posited as a necessary aspect in formulating a valid inductive methodology is â€Å"neither necessary nor sufficient for a rule of inductive inference to be justified† (194). They argue that such an assumption fails to consider that â€Å"human subjects regularly and systematically make invalid inferences† and that there an instance wherein human reasoning enables an individual to â€Å"accept invalid rules and reject valid one’s that ought to govern the inference at hand† (Stitch and Nisbett 194). In summary, the aforementioned paper presented Goodman’s arguments in relation to his conception of the new riddle in induction. Such a riddle, however, under scrutiny may be seen as based upon a mistaken assumption of the justification process of beliefs that necessitates the introduction of information garnered through the method of induction. This is evident, for example, if one considers the manner in which observations enable the formulation of regularities and not the other way around. An analysis of Goodman’s supposed riddle of induction thereby leaves the reader wondering if such a riddle may be considered as a valid concern for the adherents of the inductive methodology. Works Cited Flew, Anthony.   A Dictionary of Philosophy.   London: Pan Books, 1983. Goodman, Nelson.   Fact, Fiction, and Forecast.   Massachussets: Harvard University Press, 1983. Landesman, Charles.  Ã‚   Skepticism: The Central Issues.   London: Blackwell Publishing, 2002. Rubenstein, Arthur.   â€Å"Induction, Grue Emeralds and Lady Macbeth’s Fallacy.†Ã‚   The Philosophical Quarterly 48.190 (Jan. 1998): 37-49. Stitch, Stephen and Richard Nisbett.   â€Å"Justification and the Psychology of Human Reasoning.’   Philosophy of Science 47.2 (Jun. 1980): 188-202. How to cite On the Problem of Induction, Essay examples

Othello Quotes and Techniques free essay sample

Lucy Holman Find quotes which provide information about the following key areas of the play. Attempt to identify material that reveals how these aspects are a source of conflict: |Aspect of the Play |Quotes |How these aspects create conflict | |Patriarchy |-â€Å"How got she out? |-This aspect is highlight with gender conflict in the | | |-â€Å"Oh, she deceives me! † |play by use of animal imagery, referring to Desdemona | | | |as that of a dog. | | |-The dramatic reference shows misogyny and the | | | |perspective on women as deceitful and cunning which | | | |causes further conflict among the genders. | | | | |Hierarchy Apex of Power |-â€Å"Our great Captain’s captain. † Desdemona’s high status is before her time and creates| | |-Cassio, I love thee; but never more be officer of |conflict as the societies were patriarchs. | |mine |-Indicates the shame when one loses their status and | | | |blackens their reputation. | |Christianity/Religious beliefs |-For Christian shame, put by this barbarous brawl | | | | | | | | | |Ideas relating to witchcraft/Superstitions |â€Å"we work by wit, and not by witchcraft† |-Depicts superstitions and the fear of supernatural. We will write a custom essay sample on Othello Quotes and Techniques or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page | | |Creates conflict by the relation of witches to the | | | |devil. |War/Colonisation |â€Å"One Michael Cassio, a Florentine, |-Iago is envious of Cassio’s promotion and says that | | |A fellow almost damnd in a fair wife; |he doesn’t know more about warfare than a housewife or | | |That never set a squadron in the field, |a spinster does, this highlights the jealousy cause by | | |Nor the division of a battle knows |statuses involved in warfare hierarchy. | | |More than a spinster† | | | | | | |Honour/ Reputation |â€Å"Reputation, reputation, reputation! Oh, I have lost my|-shows the importance of reputation and social status | | |reputation! I have lost the immortal part of myself, |and the conflict causes when that reputation is | | |and what remains is bestial. † |tarnished. | | | | | |Setting – Venice Cyprus |-â€Å"Heaven bless the island of Cyprus and our noble | | | general Othello† | | | |-if sanctimony and a frail vow betwixt an erring | | | |barbarian and a supersubtle Venetian†¦Ã¢â‚¬  | | | | | | |Civilisation vs. Barbarianism |-For Christian shame, put by this barbarous brawl |-Conflict is caused by barbarianism and called to cease| | | |â€Å"for Christian shame† . Christianity is depicted as | | | |civilised in contrast to barbarianism | |Order (Natural order as ordained by God) vs. |-â€Å"Against all rules of nature† |-referrence to the view of individuals concerning | |Disorder | |Othello and Desdemona’s relationship. These shunning | | | |opinions show social conflict | Identify Quotes which use the following techniques and comment on the effect they have on the meaning conveyed: Techniques |Quote |Effect | |Imagery e. g. animal, dark |-â€Å"old black ram is tupping you white ewe† |-conveys the view of Othello as dirty and unwanted in | | | |comparison to pure Desdemona and highlights racial conflict| | | |present. | |Dramatic Irony |-â€Å"you advise me well. |-Cassios trust in Iago demonstrates the power of | | | |manipulation. | |Soliloquy |Thus do I ever make my fool my purse |Reveals to the audience the character’s true nature and | | | |intentions, allowing further insight into the story. | |Symbolism | -The handkerchief given to Desdemona as a token of |When Othello finds that the handkerchief is in Cassio’s | | |Othello’s love. possession it confirms his suspicions about Desdemona as it| | | |symbolises the placement of her love. | |Puns |â€Å"Moorship† |â€Å"His worship, is a term of respect, so Iagos pun, | | | |Moorship, mocks both Othellos race and his character. | |Duality e. g. Black/White, Honesty/ Duplicity |honourable murderer |Othello’s reference to himself after killing desdemona. | | | |Conveys contrasting aspects of the play. |Iambic Pentameter | |Shakespeares writing style produces a beat more enjoyable | | | |for the reader | |Rhyming couplets |â€Å"Come, my dear love, |Shows character in a more attractive, honest light. | | |The purchase made, the fruits are to ensue; | | | |The profit’s yet to come ’tween me and you. † | | |Prose |But partly led to diet my revenge, For that I do |Shows characters in a dull, les s attractive, and possibly | | |suspect the lusty Moor Hath leaped into my seat, |evil manner. | |the thought whereof Doth like a poisonous mineral | | | |gnaw my inwards | | |Imagery |â€Å"now making the beast with two backs† |Iago uses dark sexual imagery to emphasise the disgust felt| | | |towards Othello | |Oxymoron |â€Å"soldier of love† |Highlights specific irony in the situation |

Pappus Of Alexandria Essays - Ancient Greek Mathematicians

Pappus of Alexandria Pappus was born in approximately 920 in Alexandria, Egypt. He was the last of the great Greek geometers and one of his major theorems is considered to be the basis of modern projective geometry ("Pappus"). Pappus flourished in the fourth century, writing his key work, the Mathematical Collection, as a guide to Greek geometry ("Biography"). In this work, Pappus discusses theorems and constructions of over thirty mathematicians including Euclid, Archimedes and Ptolemy ("Biography"), providing alternatives of proofs and generalizing theorems. The Collection is a handbook to all of Greek geometry and is now almost the sole source of history of that science (Thomas 564). The separate books of the Collection were divided by Pappus into numbered sections. In the fourth section, Pappus discusses an extension on the Pythagorean Theorem (Thomas 575) now known as Pappus Area (Williams). Pappus drew parallelograms on two sides of a triangle, extended the external parallels to intersection, connected the included vertex of the triangle and the intersection point, used the direction and length of that segment to construct a parallelogram adjacent to the third side of the triangle, and proved that the sum of the areas of the first two parallelograms is equal to the area of the third parallelogram (Williams, Thomas 578-9). Section five of book five of the Collection discusses regular solids with equal surfaces and their varying sizes (Heath 395). Pappus's conjecture was that the solid with the most faces is the greatest (Heath 396). He proved this using the pyramid, the cube, the octahedron, the dodecahedron, and the icosahedron of equal surfaces. Pappus noted that some of the other major Greek geometers had already worked out the proof of this conjecture using the analytical method, but that he would give a method of his own by synthetical deduction (Heath 395). Using 56 propositions about the perpendiculars from the center of a circumscribing sphere to a face of the solids, Pappus proved that if the dodecahedron and the icosahedron were inscribed in the same sphere, the same small circle in the sphere would circumscribe both the pentagon of the dodecahedron and the triangle of the icosahedron (Heath 396). He went on to show that the cube is greater than the pyramid, the octahedron is greater than the cube, and so on (Heath 396). One of Pappus's biggest contributions to geometry is Pappus's Theorem, which states, "If the vertices of a hexagon lie alternately on two lines, then the meets of opposite sides are collinear" ("Pappus"). When put another way, "If A, B and C are three distinct points on one line and if A', B' and C' are three different distinct points on a second line, then the intersections of AC' and CA', AB' and BA', and BC' and CB' are collinear" (Smart 26), Pappus's Theorem spawns the Geometry of Pappus. This is a finite geometry consisting of exactly nine points and nine lines. The pairs of points making up the intersecting lines are interchangeable (Bogomolny 2). Also, Pappus's Theorem is self-dual (Bogomolny 2), meaning that if the words "point" and "line" were interchanged in the theorem, it would still hold true. Thanks to the duality principle, any theorem proved for Pappus's geometry is also true for the dual geometry. According to Pappus, the purpose of the Collection was to explain the propositions established using geometrical methods by the ancient Greek mathematicians in a shorter and easier to understand from, and to introduce some useful theorems he himself discovered (Heath 429). Thanks to Pappus and his Collection, the world better understands theorems, propositions, and conjectures made by geometers such as Euclid, Archimedes and Ptolemy. And Pappus's Theorem and the resulting geometry helped to bring the idea of duality to life so it could be applied to axioms from other geometries.

Free Essays on Southwest Airline Ratio Analysis

Southwest Airlines Financial Ratio Analysis Since its beginnings as a scheduled airline in 1971, Southwest Airlines has distinguished itself within the US airline industry as a unique player. Its commitment to offering a low fare structure to both businesses and leisure travelers has made air travel more affordable to many consumers and has caused a consistent increase in demand for expansion into new markets, as well as increasing price competition within the cities it serves. Since the airline regulation in 1978, Southwest has dramatically increased the number of markets it serves and its market share. It has also been the model for a number of less successful low cost start-up airlines, such as ValuJet and People’s Express. Various ratios are used by managers and investors to analyze and forecast the profitability and efficiency of a company. This paper will discuss the ratios used for the financial analysis of Southwest Airlines. Short Term Liquidity Ratios for Southwest Airlines Co. This ratio is used to measure the solvency, or the ability, of Southwest Airlines Co. to meet its short-term financial obligations and to assess the liquidity, or the ability, of Southwest Airlines Co. to convert current assets to cash to reduce current liabilities. The most widely used financial ratios for establishing the short-term liquidity of a company are current ratio and quick ratio. Southwest’s current ratio is 1.01 and its quick ratio is 0.86. The short-term liquidity ratios are used in the evaluation of short-term liquidity to convert current assets into cash in order to reduce the financial obligations of the company as they become due. These ratios are particularly significant to the creditors and potential lenders of a company because they determine the ability of that company to meet current payments of a debt. However, investors and stockholders are also interested in the company’s definition of current assets ... Free Essays on Southwest Airline Ratio Analysis Free Essays on Southwest Airline Ratio Analysis Southwest Airlines Financial Ratio Analysis Since its beginnings as a scheduled airline in 1971, Southwest Airlines has distinguished itself within the US airline industry as a unique player. Its commitment to offering a low fare structure to both businesses and leisure travelers has made air travel more affordable to many consumers and has caused a consistent increase in demand for expansion into new markets, as well as increasing price competition within the cities it serves. Since the airline regulation in 1978, Southwest has dramatically increased the number of markets it serves and its market share. It has also been the model for a number of less successful low cost start-up airlines, such as ValuJet and People’s Express. Various ratios are used by managers and investors to analyze and forecast the profitability and efficiency of a company. This paper will discuss the ratios used for the financial analysis of Southwest Airlines. Short Term Liquidity Ratios for Southwest Airlines Co. This ratio is used to measure the solvency, or the ability, of Southwest Airlines Co. to meet its short-term financial obligations and to assess the liquidity, or the ability, of Southwest Airlines Co. to convert current assets to cash to reduce current liabilities. The most widely used financial ratios for establishing the short-term liquidity of a company are current ratio and quick ratio. Southwest’s current ratio is 1.01 and its quick ratio is 0.86. The short-term liquidity ratios are used in the evaluation of short-term liquidity to convert current assets into cash in order to reduce the financial obligations of the company as they become due. These ratios are particularly significant to the creditors and potential lenders of a company because they determine the ability of that company to meet current payments of a debt. However, investors and stockholders are also interested in the company’s definition of current assets ...

Media Culture in Canada Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Media Culture in Canada - Assignment Example Canada has two primary languages English and French. Canada has a very unique blend of customs and traditions because of migration into its country; therefore, because of the cultural diversity it’s very necessary for the Canadian government to promote its own culture. The Canadian government faces many challenges because of its influx of citizens from European cultures and an extensive migration between America and Canada. Canada struggled immensely to protect its identity in 1920(Media Awareness Network 1). At that time, Canada introduced commercial radio broadcasting but some politicians were concerned about U.S radio programming. This concern introduced the hybrid system of broadcasting. The policy makers split this system into two parts public and private. The reason behind this division was that Canada wanted its own traditions; as time passed the Canadian government made its own broadcasting law. History Media plays one of the most powerful and important roles in buildi ng nations. Reginald Aubrey Fessenden was the first radio broadcaster in Canada; he is known as the â€Å"Father of Radio Broadcasting†. In 1906, Fessenden broadcasted his first official program. The era of media culture in Canada started in 1906 and noticeable improvements were seen within the next few years. In 1929, the government of Canada took remarkable efforts. The Arid Commission on public broadcasting suggested the establishment of a national radio broadcast network. In Canada, there was an increasing trend of listening to radio broadcast and because they didn’t have any national broadcasting station, they would listen to American radio. This was a major concern for the Canadian government and therefore, they launched their own national broadcasting radio. In 1932, Canadian Radio Broadcasting was founded under the administration of R.B. Bennet’s government. CBC was mainly responsible for innovation in Canadian media culture and all the broadcasting stat ions were under the control of CBC. CBC, Crown Corporation, was based on the model of the BBC. In 1940, an association was founded and named as Radio Artists of Toronto Society. This society was basically established for the radio performers and they were responsible for securing the rights of radio artists (James Lorimer & Company 24). The Association of Canadian Radio Artists was formed in 1943 and it was a flexible, national alliance of a variety of groups of actors. In 1946, FM radio was introduced in Canada but distinct FM service was launched later in the 1960s. In 1952, the era of television broadcasting was started with the launch of stations one after another in Montreal (CBFT) and then in Toronto. The first privately owned station of CBC was a television station in Sudbury and they owned it in 1953. In 1962, the English language radio network was divided into two different services (i.e. Dominion Network and Trans-Canada Network); Dominion Network was dissolved in 1976. Th e Trans-Canada Network was simply known as CBC. Over the next few decades, CBC was known to be the second English language FM Radio network and in 1976 its’ name was changed. It was now known as CBC Stereo (The Wendy Michener Symposium 65). According to the Canadian Broadcasting Act, it is mandatory for the broadcasters to ensure that they are broadcasting authentic information that reflects the points of view of the different cultures living in

A Comparison between two UK companies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

A Comparison between two UK companies - Essay Example The success of Sofitel hotel shows the level of success of its marketing strategy while the dwindling profitability of the Britannia Hotels shows the failures of the marketing strategies the hotel employs as the analysis below portrays. Sofitel hotel is a five star hotel that offers a number of high quality services including spa, luxury rooms and conference facilities among many others. The hotel has a number of services that continue to grow its services after realizing that diversification is the key to achieving profitability. The chain management of the hotel has succeeded in developing high-end hotels in a number of leading destinations across both Europe and the United States. The Sofitel Hotels in the United Kingdom enjoy immense success and profitability evident in the growth of the hotel’s services and facilities. The success of Sofitel Hotel arises from a number of factors key among which is the provision of high quality services. The level of cleanliness of the rooms, diversity of cuisines and level of hospitability of the wait staff at the hotel enhances the quality of services at thereby succeeding building a desirable name for the hotel. The quality of services of the hotel is effective in creating a desirable reputation for the hotel. Travelers come to the hotel owing to referrals from their friends while numerous others are returning customers who confessed their love and admiration of the level of professionalism of the employees of the hotel coupled with the level of hospitality and serenity of the hotel (Venison, 2005). The hotel employs a number of effective marketing strategies all of which continue to enhance its profitability. The hotel has an efficient chain management that has succeeded in developing appropriate customer loyalty reward programs (OFallon & Rutherford, 2011). The chain has a number of facilities throughout

History paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 3

History paper - Essay Example Children’s Rights narrates the story of the horrible neglect of children by responsible elders and the cruelty inflicted on them. It also tells us how the lawmakers finally realized the need to protect the children, both physically and mentally. Mary Ellen’s case in 1874 is taken in this book as a fine example of the extent to which child abuse can reach. Born to an immigrant woman, the baby Ellen’s fate was to grow under the carelessness of different mothers, finally ending up in the cruel hands of Frances Conolly. She could not know even the warmth of a kiss, or caress, her body carried the bruises of perpetual whipping, starved beyond imagination, and could not even see the sunlight. A social worker, Etta Angel Wheeler, who discovered the plight of Mary Ellen, failed to get help either from police or from any charitable institutions to rescue the child, as they wanted legal proof. â€Å"Though social workers often witnessed scenes of cruelty, poverty, and gri ef, Wheeler found Mary Ellen’s plight especially horrifying†, says the writer (Stevens). Finally it was the founder of American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals, Henry Berg, who came to her aid. The child was considered as a living animal, which was subjected to cruelty, and a case was registered with enough proof. Mary lived a decent life thereafter. Conolly was punished and the world opened its eyes to protect the children from abuses. Thus Children’s Rights reflects the utter ignorance of the society and the government on a very vital issue. The Needless War with Spain shows America’s greed for aggressive and expansionist policies. It is about America’s involvement in the domestic affairs of Cuba. McKinley was the President of America at that period. He was a very weak President. If he had possessed the sharp political will, the war with Spain could have been avoided. But,

Multidisciplinary Team Pain Management

Multidisciplinary Team Pain Management Introduction In spite of advances in pain management (Apfelbaum et al., 2003; Fotiadis et al., 2004; Powell et al., 2004; Wu and Richman, 2004), postoperative pain still remains a major clinical problem confronting healthcare providers (Klopfenstein etal., 2000; Klopper et al., 2006; Sjà ¶strà ¶m, Dahlgren and Haljamà ¤e, 1999). Many patients continue to experience postoperative pain (Gilmartin and Wright, 2007; Manias et al., 2005; Schafheutle et al., 2001) with about 69% of them experiencing moderate to severe pain after surgery (Apfelbaum et al., 2003). According to the International Association for the Study of Pain (1979: 250), pain is an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage described in terms of such damage. This definition emphasises on the subjective nature of the pain experience which can be influenced by multiple factors (International Association for the Study of Pain, 2003). As a result of this, McCaffery (1983: 14) defines pain as whatever the experiencing person says it is, existing whenever she says it does. Apart from pain signifying an actual or potential tissue damage, it is of no significance and leads to detrimental effects (Apfelbaum et al., 2003). Unrelieved postoperative pain can lead to disturbed emotional states, sleep deprivation, reduced physical and social performance, impaired quality of life (Reyes-Gibby, Aday and Cleeland, 2002; Strassels, Cynn and Carr, 2000), patient dissatisfaction (Shang and Gan, 2003), delayed discharge (Rejeh et al, 2008), increased use of healthcare resources (Fortner et al., 2003; Mystakidou et al., 2005; OMahony et al., 2005) and its associated high costs of hospitalisation (Huang et al., 2001). From an ethical point of view, postoperative pain should be properly managed to prevent needless suffering and avoidable complications (Kehlet, 1989), so as to increase function and to improve the quality of life (Goudas et al., 2001; Reyes-Gibby et al., 2002; Strassels et al., 2000). Notwithstanding several barriers prevent the successful management of pain. The aim of this proposal is to justify the need for a study that will explore the barriers to effective postoperative pain management from a multidisciplinary health team approach. The proposal will commence with a literature review on barriers to effective pain management followed by the appropriate research methodology that can be used in carrying out the study. Finally, the contributions of the research in filling the gaps of previous studies will be discussed. Literature Review In spite of numerous studies conducted on the different aspects of pain, the factors that affect pain management have not been completely identified (Rao, 2006). Greater research efforts are therefore required to identify the factors that affect the effective management of pain (Weissman et al., 2004). Barriers to effective pain management have been classified into that of the patient, clinician and the healthcare system (Cleeland, 1987; Joranson, 1993; Von Roenn et al., 1993; Ward et al., 1993;). Specifically, patient-related barriers have been categorised into communication (Glajchen et al., 1995), psychological (Glajchen, 2001) and attitudinal factors (Ward et al., 1993). According to Im, Guevava and Chee (2007), there is poor patient communication concerning pain and undermedication due to language barrier and insufficient money to purchase additional drugs. Psychological issues such as anxiety, distress, depression, anger and dementia have also been shown to cloak the symptoms of pain leading to poor pain management (Glajchen, 2001). Also, patient attitudes serve as the greatest impediment to the effective management of pain. These include fear of addiction (Dar et al., 1992; Ferrell, 1991; Melzak, 1990), tolerance (McCaffery and Beebe, 1989), side effects (Levin et al., 1985), fear of injections (Twycross and Lack, 1984), feelings of fatalism (Diekmann et al., 1989; Levin et al., 1985), association of pain with worsening disease states (Diekmann et al., 1989; Twycross an d Lack, 1984), belief that pain is inevitable and unmanageable (Ward et al., 1993), fear of distracting clinicians from treatment focus (Cleeland, 1987; Diekmann et al., 1989) and the desire to please clinicians (Cleeland, 1987; Twycross and Lack, 1984). On the other hand, insufficient knowledge, poor pain assessment skills, negative attitudes and physician reluctance to prescribe analgesics have also been shown as some of the clinician-barriers to effective pain management (Cleeland, 1993; Von Roenn et al, 1993). A study conducted in Iran revealed that institutional policies and regulations, limited time, poor communication, work overload, powerful physicians and the subjection faced by the nursing profession are some of the nursing-related barriers to postoperative pain management (Rejeh et al., 2008). Another study conducted by Rejeh et al. (2009) also depicted nurses limited authority, poor patient relationship, inadequate educational preparation and the interruptions in pain management measures serve as impediments in the effective management of postoperative pain in Iran. Some of the barriers in the healthcare system include strict regulatory scrutiny (Cleeland et al., 1994), changes in reimbursement policies (in cases where older patients have to pay for the cost of outpatient prescription drugs) (Glajchen et al., 1995), the lack of neighbourhood pharmacies, poor means of transportation and the absence of higher doses of opioids in the health system (Glajchen, 2001). Ultimately, these factors lead to inappropriate selection of analgesics and its subsequent poor management of patients pain (Glajchen, 2001). It can be realised from the literature that, most of the barrier-related studies on pain have mainly been in the form of quantitative studies conducted on chronic conditions such as cancer(Glajchen et al., 1995; Glajchen, 2001; Im et al., 2007; Joranson, 1993; Ward et al., 1993) and AIDS (Brietbart et al., 1998). This approach often leaves the reader in questioning why and how these factors serve as barriers. Moreover, studies conducted on clinician-related barriers (Rejeh et al., 2008; Rejeh et al., 2009; Van Niekerk and Martin, 2003; Von Roen et al., 1993) have always taken a uni-modal approach (either physicians or nurses) while neglecting other professionals such as the anaesthesiologist/ anaesthetist who also play a part in postoperative pain management. By virtue of this, a comprehensive understanding of the barriers that are faced by the multidisciplinary health team involved in postoperative pain management will enable a more targeted approach to improved patient care (Manias etal. 2005; Schafheutle etal. 2001). Research Methodology My research seeks to gain an in-depth understanding of the factors that impede the effective management of postoperative pain from a multidisciplinary health team approach. As a result, a qualitative design will be most appropriate in the conduction of the study in Ghana. The reason for choice of the location is that no previous studies have been conducted on the issue in this geographical area. Prior to the commencement of the study, ethical approval will have to be sought from the various ethics committees of the hospitals that would be included in the study. Some of the ethical issues such as the participants autonomy, confidentiality and anonymity during the study period will be addressed appropriately. All participants would be informed of the purpose and design of the study, as well as the voluntary nature of their participation. Informed consent will be obtained from the participants in the form of writing and will be signed by them to serve as   evidence for their voluntary participation. Semi-structured interviews will be used in collecting the data so as to gain in-depth information to specific questions (Hove and Anda, 2005). Like most qualitative studies, the findings of this study cannot be generalised to other settings but would provide rich information on the barriers faced by health care professionals in managing postoperative pain. This will then pave the way for appropriate strategies to be implement in solving this problem. Healthcare professionals with a minimum of 5-year working experience in surgical units, in major hospitals in each region of Ghana would be included in the study. The reason is to acquire professionals who have sufficient work experience to enable them analyse barriers affecting the management of post-operative pain. Also, purposeful sampling technique will be used for recruiting participants in this study. In the conduct of this study, data collection and analysis will proceed concurrently until the development of themes related to health professionals barriers affecting post-operative pain management is achieved. Data collected will be analysed using content analysis (Morse and Field 1995; Sandelowski, 2000) to generate codes, categories and themes. By means of theoretical sampling, additional participants will be selected until theoretical saturation is achieved and no new information emerges. Participants will be contacted after the analysis and will be given a full transcript of their respective coded interviews with a summary of the emergent themes to determine whether the codes and themes matched their stated barriers. Maximum variation of sampling (in terms of the type of profession, years of working experience) will also enhance the conformability and credibility of data. This sampling strategy will enable the me to capture a vast range of views and experiences (Streubert and Carpenter 2003). Contributions of the Research Conducting a research is not an end in itself, but a means to an end. As a way of finding solutions to the problem of ineffective postoperative pain management, it will be prudent to understand the causes of these barriers so as to devise appropriate strategies. The success or failure of pain management largely depends on factors that influence the health professionals practical care for patients with post-operative pain. The findings of this study will provide insights into the factors that affect the management of postoperative pain from a multidisciplinary health team approach. By so doing, it will not only integrate diverse perceptions but also incorporate other key stakeholders in postoperative pain management (anaesthesiologist/anaesthetist) who have been left out in previous studies. Moreover, the proposed study will contribute to already existing literature by giving appreciable insights on the factors that affect the entire health team in the management of postoperative pain. Also, the involvement of the major stakeholders in postoperative pain management will stimulate the interest of each of the professionals groups thereby enlightening each other about the barriers and how they can be solved. Ultimately, this will improve patient care, enhance staff satisfaction and boost the integrity of our health institutions.

The Racial Contract :: essays research papers

Charles Mills’ The Racial Contract Theses 8, 9 and 10 I. Thesis 8: The Racial Contract tracts the moral/political consciousness of (most) white moral agents (Most controversial chapter) a. A naturalized account (actual) will help to lead to a prescription. Based on a racialized moral psychology (p.93): Whites act racist without even realizing it. b. Much of the chapter is a long explanation of how whites have brutalized nonwhites (pp.98-101). Difference between cynical and realist. c. Discussion of the Jewish Holocaust: It becomes an outright tragedy only when it is European against European. Quotes Hitler on p.106: d. Whites who do not go along with the contract: Mills argues that there is a choice for whites in the racial contract, albeit it a difficult one - p.107. Going along with things makes us all guilty. On the other hand, if we do not go along, it makes us a "race traitor" (p.108). II. Thesis 9: The Racial Contract has always been recognized by nonwhites as the real determinant of (most) white moral/political/practice a. The â€Å"invisibility† of the Racial Contract to whites, and its visibility to nonwhites, p.110. b. The Racial Contract norms white and nonwhite persons morally, epistemically, and aesthetically (p.118). Given this, what is required for a nonwhite person? c. First, personal struggle for personhood by overcoming the internalization of the racialized norms (pp.118—119). d. Second, cognitive resistance: thinking against the grain (pp.119-120). e. Third, the somatic aspect of the Racial Contract: a politics of the body ( eg., black is beautiful), p.120. III. Thesis 10: The Racial Contract as a theory is superior to the raceless social contract a. Virtues of the Racial Contract: 1. Race should be at the center of contract theory rather than marginalized (p.

How we perceive ourselves and influence others’ perception Essay

To begin with the first principle of, how people perceive the world in different ways. Of course, each single person has his or her own way of thinking and understanding the world. Evidently, this individualistic way of thinking has been predisposed upon every one of us by forces such as: physical condition, cultural background and social roles. These invisible forces disturb the flow of successful communication. As such, my perception will be different if I am not feeling well; or in my culture, what is considered good and important may considered bad and unimportant for others. For example, eye contact is important for Canadian but I think it is a sign of disrespectful to look into one’s eyes. Social role is another challenge for successful communication, for example, when entering into a business contract, handshakes are not acceptable anymore, the two parties must sign a formal agreement documents. The second principle is our self-concept, the perception each individual ho lds of himself and herself; and, it has a powerful effect on one’s communication behaviour. In order to communicate with others, first, one should know who he or she is? This idea refers to one’s personality, physical characteristics, cultural identity, and religion. For example, I am a tall, male, about 30 years old, a student, and believe in God; among all, the most important part of my self-concept is my religion. For example, I feel strongly religious and I proclaim that I am proud of being an Ismaili Muslim. Sometimes, I am fully confident about my religious views and expect others to accept my remarks and believe. The strong feeling that I have about my religious believe has a powerful effect on the way I communicate; often, People start to reject my remarks and turn away from the conversation. The third principle is the messages we send can shape others’ self –concepts and therefore influence their communication. In fact, each of us possess several self-concept. In contrast, presenting self is a public image and it is the way we want to present ourselves in public, in a socially acceptable image, to influence others to believe. We try to maintain our own identity and communicating in ways that, support identities that others are trying to present. For example, if a friend of me barrows my book and forget to return It on time, he might apologise for the delay; however, I would say, it is ok or not a problem; even if, I need the book urgently. This example shows that I am a nice person and does not criticize  others. The last principle is the images we present to the world varies from one situation to another. Definitely, the physical appearance and behaviours of a person plays a big role in a successful communication. Our clothing, hair style and the way we walk and talk present our images to people around us. It is important to know that the images we present to others varies from one situation to another. For example, when I am visiting a friend who are in a terrible situation; I am trying to present an image of myself, in a way to, not make him upset. Or if I am going for a job interview, I will try to present the maximum professional image I can. Over all, the way we perceive ourselves and others, and the messages and images that we send to influence others perceptions, are thing that we normally living and practicing them in everyday life but mostly not noticing them.

Occupational in Psychology

Occupational in Psychology "Nurses dispense comfort, compassion, and caring without even a prescription" (Val Saintsbury). This quote is true for patients all around the world that has experience the care and kindness of a good nurse. Usuimalo AhSoon Nua is a Licensed Practical Nurse (LPN) at the LBJ Hospital in Fagaalu for 32 years. I would say she knows something if not almost everything about being a nurse. Her job is to care for people who are sick, injured, convalescent, or disabled under the direction of physicians and registered nurses (RN).Usuimalo AhSoon Nua care for patients in many ways. Often, she would provide bedside care. At times she would measure and record patients' vital signs such as height, weight, temperature, blood pressure, pulse, and respiration. She also prepares and gives injections and enemas, monitor catheters, dress wounds, and give alcohol rubs and massages. To help keep her patients comfortable, she assists with standing, walking, moving them in bed, personal hygiene, dressing a nd even bathing.Journal of Health Psychology

Announcing #IWriteBecause - A Campaign For Writers

Announcing #IWriteBecause - A Campaign For Writers Announcing #IWriteBecause: A Campaign For Writers, By Writers The pinnacle of a writer’s life may not ever be a tearful speech at the Oscars. (â€Å"I want to thank my ergonomic keyboard for not giving me carpal tunnel.†) However,  though it might not take the form of a miniature golden statue, all writers possess inspirations that drive them to put pen to paper. So what's yours?We know that words are powerful - and now more than ever, we can use our words to get the message of writing out and do good. Perhaps one day a child who watches your video will be able to say that #TheyAlsoWriteBecause.How  can you contribute to #IWriteBecause?Submit your short, one-minute video via the campaign site, and tell us your reasons for writing. In doing so, you’ll be joining writers of all stripes who already sent in videos, including bestselling author Mark Dawson, award-winning food and travel writer Joanna Pruess, USA Today bestselling author Carter Wilson, New York Times bestseller David Heinemeier Hansson, and popular BookTuber Hailey LeBlanc.We’re featuring a couple of videos every day on the site, so feel free to browse through other writers’ stories! The whole is greater than the sum of its parts, or so they say.Here are a few questions to get you started:Why do you write?What do you love the most about writing?What do you get out of writing?What do you want to achieve by the end of your career as a writer?So grab your phone or a camera now. You can change a child's life for the better. All it takes is a minute to fill in the blank and say via video: I write, because ___________.Why do you write? This is your chance to tell us. Send us a video through the campaign site  and contribute to the movement.

The Great Awakening Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Great Awakening - Essay Example The appealing of the vast awakening to the Americans colonialist particularly none-elites was because they wanted to change some of the practices. The practices had been brought into the mindsets of some individuals with a view of bringing a change like never before. The non-elites had an objective towards the great awakening, but they lacked the necessary support from both the colonies and the old ministers. In my opinion, the legacies of the great revival did not contribute to the breaking with Great Britain. Instead, it strengthened the relationship through the influencing not only the British churches but also the Dutch and the Germans. The Great Awakening document addresses particular problems. The major challenge was the focus on the American identity. Due to the differences in the character and races, the rivalry in the colonies emerged. The rivalry being addressed is through the visitation of the preachers. The challenge of competition is not only a colonial issue but compris ed both the churches that dominated during colonial time. The document, on the other hand, delves into preserving of culture. Social norms and the courtesy of governing individual are set to be a priority despite the rivalry that is witnessed. Great Awakening had a positive effect on the social impact of the congregation. The new denominations considered both the fracturing of the existing policies and the new colonial rules. Great Awakening had effects on the entire unity of the nation.

Response to All But My Life Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Response to All But My Life - Essay Example The writings also give analytical views or interpretations of any information given earlier. Finally, there are the concluding statements (CS) of the paragraph. These rephrase the main idea but are shorter. The sentences are also joined by words that effectively provide transition, and thus connect ideas (De, 104). An example of Jane Schaffer’s strategy for writing a two paragraph chunk would be as follows; TS, CD, CM, CM, CD, CM, CM, and CS.     It is about her experiences during World War 2. Jane Schaffer’s writing and applications Gerda has used Jane Schaffer writing strategy in displaying various themes in the book. One of the themes is the sustaining power of hope that act as clear encouragement incentive. The topic sentences of paragraphs that contain bad information are powerful and convey information about hope. Gerda went through severe life misfortune, for example, her parents died mysteriously after being sent to camps. However, she never lost hope and th is is shown in her preamble sentiments as contained in her work. She applied words like â€Å"less suffering and less happiness† (Klein, 150). ... An example is a sentence in which she tells the story of what happened to Lotte in Bolkenhain. The sentence is structured in a way that it brings the significance of bearing witness about any unfortunate occurrence in the world. The sentences give actual information and put the information within the context of the theme. The other sentences in the paragraph give additional information for example names of prisoners and the atrocities they suffered while in prisons. She does this to recognize that the prisoners go through the same troubles that her family members went through. She knows these victims of the Holocaust died in gloom and thus their story has to be told (Zuckerman, 34). The paragraphs are organized in a way that brings the important message of bearing witness, are respectful and capture readers’ emotions. The paragraphs are also organized in a way that brings out the theme of morality. She shows that individuals have their free will. The circumstances or situation s people are in should never take free will from them. People always have the options of being morally upright and humane despite their circumstances. This theme is displayed by giving information about individuals who displayed some unexpected behavior. Information about how Frau Kugler saved her life is contained in a paragraph that follows Jane Schaffer writing strategy. She contained the important information in the first sentence then the other sentences gave an explanation that brought this theme clearly. Frau Kugler worked for the SS yet he saved Gerda’s life, thus showing humanity. This was unexpected as she was a German while Gerda was a Jew.  

Founding a new nation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Founding a new nation - Essay Example The constitution will have a few sections divided on the base of power and responsibility and will then be further divided into laws. It will protect the rights of the people as citizens of the island to have liberty, freedom of opinion and law will be protected by the constitution which in return will protect the citizens, their property and will make sure everyone is given their due respect. Protection of land and responsibilities of the state and people will be clearly defined in the constitution. If any law made is inconsistent with the constitution, then the law will be considered as void. The democratic government will have the power of the state with the government as president and a congress and a legislative. This idea is inherited from the government of the United States as it proved to be very effective over the years (Maier,  2010, p.  35). The government will be decided by the people of the island. There will be no role for the vice president but the ministry of inte rior and foreign affairs will be responsible to run the affairs along with the president. In case of a threat or mishap, the congress can elect an acting president from themselves. The qualifications of the president and the people in congress and civil services will be defined. Dual nationals will not be allowed to hold a government office but may act as consultants. The president will be the supreme commander of the military and may grant pardon to anyone. The congress can convict the president based on a set of evidence that will be decided as sufficient by the Supreme Court judiciary. The president is responsible to make sure that law is followed by everyone and the congress will be the body to keep a check and balance on the president and his/her activities by making it compulsory for the president to justify his actions based on law for the orders he issues. Once the power distribution is clear, the legislative system will be set. The highest court will be Supreme Court. A pet ition can be filed in Supreme Court if the lower courts have already decided on it and the convicted person has either life imprisonment or death penalty applied. The Supreme Court will issue the final verdict and such convicts will have a last option to plea with the president of the island. Supreme Court can also take suo motu actions on law and order situations if they deem the case is not being taken up by anyone but is essential to provide justice or maintain law and order situation on the island. The final type of case the Supreme Court will be entertaining will be related to the president if the case is filed by a member of the senate or congress. Maintaining federal relationships will include a hierarchy in which the mayors and judicial systems will be allowed to present a quarterly report on performance and check the prosperity index on the nation. The report will include a feedback session from these entities as well which will comprise of statistically collected data that will reflect views of the citizens belonging to a specific town. This will ensure constant quality check and improvement parameters of a town. Awareness programs and other basic necessities as education, health and security will be the responsibility of the mayors as finance ministers and process design implementers. Maintaining a healthy market for competition, providing equal opportunity, spreading awareness of job market condition, grooming future generation and equipping them with necessary skills will be a part of the

Outer Space Essay Example for Free

Outer Space Essay Outer Space started about 100 kilometers above the Earth, but there is still part of the Earth’s atmosphere. Outer Space is the void that exists between celestial bodies including the Earth. In space, two pieces of metal can weld together with no heat or other substances present because Its not completely empty but its consists of hard vacuum containing a low density of particles which is predominantly a plasma of hydrogen and helium as well as electromagnetic radiation, magnetic fields, and neutrinos which its called Cold Welding and it was discovered in the 1940s. The baseline temperature as set by the background radiation from the Big Bang is 2.7 Kelvin (K) but in more exact term, the temperature of the emptiness of outer space is about 3 degree Kelvin. So obviously the temperature of outer space is nearly absolute zero and very cold. There is no firm boundary where space begins. Outer space is the closet natural approximation to a perfect vacuum because it has effectively no friction, allowing stars, planets and moon to move freely along their ideal orbits. By comparison, the air we breathe contains about 10 billions light years. Stars, planets and moons retain their atmospheres by gravitational attraction. Atmospheres have no clearly delineated boundary: the density of atmospheric gas gradually decreases with distance from the object until it becomes indistinguishable from the surrounding environment. Effect on human bodies: Sudden exposure to very low pressure, such as during a rapid decompression, could cause pulmonary barotrauma—a rupture of the lungs, due to the large pressure differential between inside and outside of the chest. Rapid decompression can rupture eardrums and sinuses, bruising and blood seep can occur in soft tissues, and shock can cause an increase in oxygen consumption that leads to hypoxia. As a consequence of rapid decompression, any oxygen dissolved in the blood would empty into the lungs to try to equalize the partial pressure gradient. Once the deoxygenated blood arrived at the brain, humans and animals will lose consciousness after a few seconds and die of hypoxia within minutes. Outer Space Facts: -Space can begins roughly 100 kilometers above the surface of Earth when the air shell surrounding the planet disappears since there is insufficient air for scattering sunlight and producing a light blue color of the sky, space looks like a dark blanket sprinkled with stars -Space is filled with numerous types of radiation, which are generally injurious to astronauts, most of the ultraviolet and the sun causes infrared radiation. -Space is not empty; the huge gaps between the planets and stars are packed with large quantities of dust and gas. -There are three orbiters that fly in space which are Endeavor, Atlantis and Discovery. -In 1981, there are two orbiters; Challenger and Columbia were lost in space because of accidents. -The matter found in space is extremely hot and this is mainly because of radiation. -Space trash that orbits at altitudes above 1,000 kilometers circles the Earth for more than a century. -Sound cant travel through outer space because space is a vacuum, which h as no molecules in it, and sound needs molecules to compress or refract. -The Pluto is the coldest planet in Solar system due to its distance from the Sun. The temperature might go down to amazing -390 degrees Fahrenheit which its little bit different than the ice on Earth because of the extreme temperature make it becomes harder than steel. -The light hitting the earth right now is 30 thousand years old because it spent most of this time passing through the dense atoms that make the sun and just 8 minutes to reach us once it had left the sun. The temperature at the core of the sun is 13,600,000 kelvins and all of the energy produced by fusion in the core must travel through many successive layers to the solar photosphere before it escapes into space as sunlight or kinetic energy of particles. -There are more than 100 billion of galaxies in the universe and it would take about 3,000 years to count all of the stars. -The Moon is drifting away from the earth because every year, the Moon moves 3.8 cm further away from Earth and the Earth is slowing down. Every century, the Earths rotation will be 2 milliseconds slower. -The most accurate definition, there are 14 black holes which are only absorb things that cross their event horizon, so they wouldnt destroy an entire universe, its also possible for black holes to collide and merge, and they also absorb light. -The solar system is around 4,500 million years old and it will probably last another 5000 million years. -There are currently 166 moons in our solar system.

Moral Panic in Contemporary Society: Islamophobia

Moral Panic in Contemporary Society: Islamophobia This essay argues that Moral Panic in the contemporary context has evolved from the historical context. Moral panic, in essence, is defined as an ephemeral but recurring condition or people stereotypically portrayed as a threat to societal values and interests by mass media (Cohen cited in Marsh Melville, 2011). This essay will use the recent ‘anti-halal hysteria’ as a case study to illustrate the contemporary moral panic of Islamophobia. Among the components discussed are the differences between historical and contemporary issues of moral panic and Cohen’s Moral Panic framework. As a start, this essay deconstructs Cohen’s definition of moral panic with reference to Islamophobia. Islamophobia is a transient but dormant issue that has recently been ‘reawakened’ in relations to the issue of halal meat circulating in the United Kingdom. It is a term used in the UK around the 1980s to 1990s as a signal rejection of and discrimination against the M uslim population due to issues of immigrations (Allen cited in Là ²pez, 2011) and recently is described as a religious intolerance due to the growing presence of the Islamic religion in the â€Å"West† (Là ²pez, 2011). First of all, this essay argues that there is a nuance shift in the issues of historical moral panic compared to contemporary moral panic. As Critcher (2002) posits, modern moral panics have altered focus. Hughes et al. (2011) further support that moral panic is now being applied to a growing range of examples by deviating from issues back in the 1960s and 1970s. Historical moral panics often focus on the issue of youths and subcultures, like the work of Stanley Cohen in the 1970s on the rockers and mods (Marsh Melville, 2011), Young’s research on the drug use of hippies in the 1960s (ibid, 2011) and Ainley (ibid, 2011)’s research on the ‘hoodies’. Meanwhile, contemporary moral panic has expanded to encompass issues of racism instead of dwelling on youth-related topics, for example, the present case study of ‘anti-halal hysteria’, ‘Islamic infiltration plot in Birmingham schools’ (McNamara, 2014) and the ‘association of crim es to Muslim women with headscraves’ (Duell, 2014). However, one may refer to Hall’s work on racism and resistance (Procter, 2004) to argue that ‘racism’ is a moral panic dated back to the 1970s. As such, this essay posits that â€Å"Islamophobia† is a contemporary moral panic that evolves from historical moral panic on xenophobia. Even though contemporary issues on moral panic have digressed from youth issues, Hughes et al. (2011) noted that ‘moral panic’ is still regularly being used in the media revolving around issues on social problems, controversies and capitalizes on people’s fear and anxiety. Islamophobia bears resemblance to the historical moral panic which exploits on people’s fear in maintaining their social status (Young cited in Hughes, et al., 2011) as Islamophobia capitalises on Britons’ fear of losing their national identity. As such, this statement underpins Richardson (2009)’s articulation that Muslims have now become the latest incarnations of folk devils. In addition, this essay argues that contemporary moral panic deviates from some of Cohen’s moral panic framework which is constructed by a linear six stages namely ‘crisis happen’, sensification, witch hunt, amplification, panic and counter-action. In the context of the anti-halal hysteria, this essay argues that the current issue does not conform to Cohen’s first stage of ‘crisis happening’ as there is apparently no actual crisis in Subway’s decision to offer halal meat in some of its stores in the first place. Instead, it is the Daily Mail’s exaggerated reporting that deliberately frames Subway’s commercial decision as a result of being ‘strongly demanded’ by the Muslims customers (Poutler, 2014). Subway on the other hand justifies their decision as purely a matter of weighing financial losses and profits as the stores are situated within heavily populated Muslim vicinities (Allen, 2014). Failing to see this as a commercial decision, the Daily Mail over-reacted and reignited the food debate protest on halal meat that was dated back in 2012, headed by British National Party (BNP)’s leader Nick Griffin (Engage, 2012). In order to explain this manipulation of media, this essay agrees with Schlesinger (cited in Critcher, 2002) that in contemporary moral panic, the media has assumed the role of primary definers as opposed to being secondary definers. According to Procter (2004), primary definers refer to the way media first look to authoritative figures particularly politicians in structuring news. Very often, original theory of moral panics posits that media’s Ideological role is tie to that of the government’s hegemony ideology (McRobbie Thornton). Contrastingly, in the context of the recent Islamophobia, the press, specifically the Daily Mail acts as the primary definer, dictating the news agenda. This shows that contemporary media does not adhere to Gramsci’s theory of hegemony (Procter, 2004). This inference contradicts with Cohen (2002)’s assertion that the media is important in reproducing and sustaining the dominant ideology instead of being transmitters or campai gners of moral panics. However, based on McRobbie and Thornton (cited in Cohen, 1999)’s assertion and in view of this latest issue, contemporary media actually sets their own agenda by instigating ordinary issues that may be contradictory to government’s policies. Therefore, demonstrating that contemporary moral panic has evolved from a historical model. Moving on, this essay recognizes that contemporary moral panic adheres to the second stage of Cohen’s model- sensification. Soon after the article on Subway is published, it is inferred that the public become sensitive to the issue of Muslim allegedly invading the local food industry. This is because according to Hughes et al. (2011), people are sensitive to issues that ‘hit the sore spot’, in this context, referring to the fear of a foreign power- the Muslims. Besides that, as the issue of halal is intentionally highlighted in the news, it increases the possibility of public in becoming aware of the said issue. On top of that, the media further saturates the public sphere with inflammatory risk discourses (Hier cited in Critcher, 2008) and headlines such as â€Å"Millions are eating halal food without knowing it†. This I infer is the media’s attempt to frame public’s negative perception towards Muslims as a means to make them aware of homegro wn Islamic extremism (Allen, 2007). Nevertheless, the essay argues that the current issue does not fit into Cohen’s third stage- ‘witch hunt’. This may be attributed to the origins and structure of the news itself in which Daily Mail’s reporting on Subway’s decision is very much biased and sensationalized. Media, as Cohen (2002) points out, often stereotypes and misrepresents deviance. As such, this essay argues that the process of ‘witch hunting’ for folk devils is omitted in the case study as the Daily Mail has, at the very beginning, embedded the stereotypical notion of â€Å"Islamophobia†, misrepresenting and accusing the Muslims for exerting pressure onto Subway. The Muslims are not ‘found’ to be the folk devil, but they are ‘framed’ to be one in a contemporary context. On top of that, such stereotypical reporting may also be explained as a journalist goal to attune to the popularity of human interest stories (McRobbie Thornton, 1995) so as to gain public readership by capitalizing on moral panics. Richardson (2009) contends news about Muslims is often presented with a hint of menace, thus suggesting the possibility of unethical journalism practice in local tabloid. Although stage three of Cohen’s model is omitted in the context of contemporary case study, the case study still conforms to Cohen’s ‘amplification’ stage as presses such as the Sun and BBC join in to amplify the initially non-existent crisis. For instance, The Sun’s overly sensationalized the news of Pizza Express using halal meat (Jones, 2014) while the BBC reported that five leading UK supermarkets are selling halal meat (BBC News, 2014). Adding on to the fuel, the Daily Mail goes on to exaggerate that Muslims are ‘stealthily taking over Britain’s supermarket’ (Poutler et al., 2014). The role of media as Luce (2013) posit is supposedly to help maintain stability in a society. However, in this context, the presses are seen to be disrupting the social order of the society. This is because it was the presses who initiate the ‘hate crime’ with alarmist reporting that agitate the issue of local food store chains and sup ermarkets selling halal meat without the consent or knowledge of customers. As such, this essay inferred that the tabloid media is trying to drive a rift between races. As a result of this amplification spiral, the initial issue on commercialized industry selling halal meat has escalated into a wider spectrum involving pressure groups such as RSPCA, National Secular Society (NSS) and British Veterinary Association (BVA). These associations are outrage by the animal slaughtering method of Muslim abattoirs following a CCTV still released by Daily Mail with the caption ‘more than 100 sheep appeared to write in agony after being ritually killed’ (Allen, 2014). The term ‘halal’ which literally means ‘permissible’ or ‘lawful’ under Islamic Law (Henley, 2013; Poutler, 2014) stated that animals must be ritually killed when it is conscious. This disparity in method of animal slaughtering has once again flared up the long-enduring heated between the pressure groups whom advocate pre-stunning before slaughtering and the deviants (the Muslims)’s ritual slaughtering. Consequently, the press has now shift ed its attention from the original issue on Subway’s commercial decision to the slaughtering method of animals, thus causing the ‘original problem’ to be obscured while this ‘deviance issue’ to escalate. Media employ highly emotive and rhetorical language (McRobbie Thornton, 1999) to distinguish ‘us’ and ‘them’ by idealizing us and demonizing (Richardson, 2009) the Muslims that they do not care about how animals are slaughtered. The press further reveals that as thousands of Britons are consuming halal food, insinuating that they have been ‘Islamized’ (Poutler, 2001). Even though the focus of issues has shifted, the underlying notion remains that of ‘Islamopohia’ (Allen, 2014). From the repercussion of the above amplification, this causes panic among the animal welfare advocates as well as the general public of the growing power of Islam. Revelation that halal meat is widely circulated and the ‘inhumane’ ritual slaughtering method of the Muslims, the term ‘anti-halal hysteria’ emerges, signifying a new wave of moral panic associated with Islamophobia. A fraction of public are explicitly showing contempt towards the Muslims by boycotting the list of stores selling halal meat while pressure groups petition for banning ritual slaughtering method. Even though this essay argues that the original problem is non-existence, the deviance issues still escalate. Last but not least, the sixth stage of Cohen’s model, counter-actions is, as this essay argues, not entirely applicable in contemporary moral panic. The notion of ‘something should be done’ is evident here but this essay finds it ironic that there is not a problem in the first place as it is simply a misrepresentation of a commercial decision by the media. Counter action in Cohen’s model refers to legislative attempt in subduing the deviants (Cohen, 2002). However, this essay argues that there is no counter action in the case study as local government retains their position in the issue of anti-halal hysteria by upholding the law of allowing religious slaughter method even though pressure groups are fervently petitioning to label and impose regulations on the sources and method of slaughtering poultry. In this context, counter-action is not taken by the government but rather a compromise position is negotiated. This is Britain’s attempt to assimilate the minorities by offering them the freedom of religion (Castle Freytas-Tamura, 2014). As a matter of fact, this essay recognizes that contemporary moral panic does not conform to Cohen’s linear static process as first of all, crisis did not happen, there is no ‘witch hunting’ process and there is no relative counter-action. As such, this essay argues that contemporary model panic is best described using attributes instead of a static process. Hence, the essay suggests looking to Goode and Ben-Yehuda’s five attributes of moral panic (concern, hostility, consensus, disproportionality and volatility) as a preferable model. Firstly, concerns over Islamophobia have always been long existed in the UK. Secondly, the term ‘anti-halal hysteria’ is a signifier of hostility towards the Muslims. Thirdly, there is consensus among the presses and pressure group that accepting that Muslim poses threats economically but also societal values. Disproportionality is demonstrated through the actions of pressure group in calling for the ban of halal meat as it does not resolve the issue of Islamophobia. Lastly, contemporary moral panic fits the characteristics of being volatile as the following issue dominating local news on Islamophobia is the British National Party protesting over the plans for a new mosque in Hemel Hempstead (Pitt, 2014) once again showing that moral panic is on-going. As a conclusion, the utility of moral panic is no doubt necessary in enhancing our understanding of new cases to which it has been extended (Hughes et al., 2011). Studies on moral panic is not static (Hughes, et al., 2011) as it is constantly revised, extended and developed (ibid, 2011). Moral panics are ‘not just one-off events but it is their reappearance that confirms their status as moral disturbances of any significant order’ (Young cited in Marsh Melville, 2011). This essay argues that media do not report facts but rather conjectures about Subway’s decision. Even though stages of establishing moral panic is not static and may overlap occasionally, some attributes of moral panic is still very much identifiable (Jewkes cited in Marsh Melville, 2011). Islamophobia has been infused into the everyday life of modern Britain (Allen, 200) and will always be an on-going issue but just that the focus on issue shifts and even sometimes incorporates or bring other iss ues into the picture.

Art and All in Our Mothers Gardens Essay -- Search Our Mothers Garde

Art and All in Our Mothers' Gardens      Ã‚   Alice Walker uses Virginia Woolf's phrase "contrary instincts" to describe the creative spirit that her female ancestors revive spirit that her female ancestors revered while working and living in oppressive conditions.   Her mother had a difficult life, but she managed to keep her creative spirit alive.   She held onto what she could in the simplest ways.   Where there was a will there was a way.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Walker explains that her mother, though tired and overworked, did express and feed her creative spirit.   She planted incredible gardens, and still does, with various blooming plants.   She adorned the house with flowers from the garden.   Walker likens her mother's garden to magic.   Friends and strangers visited the garden regularly and would ask to stand or walk amongst her mother's art.   Her mother's garden represents an undying love of beauty and creation, symbolizing the weaving of her creative spirit with nature's hand.   Envision the roots in the garden woven together, creating a network of support for the other plants.e other plants.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   When Alice Walker went in search of her mother's garden it became a journey about uncovering her own true self.   Her mother was her strength and her role model.   Walker discovered that she found herself while searching for her heritage, and in the process she excavated her authentic self.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Imagine bla... ...e of art, you must open yours of art, you must open yourself up to the possibility that you might not like what the artist is trying to convey.   It's about taking a risk.   This is not going to be easy to do.   In fact, it will be very hard, but it is a risk we must take.   Once you have decided to dismiss something based on first impressions, you are doing yourself a grave disservice.   When you decide to take that leap and challenge yourself, you will then understand your truth, without hesitation.    Works Cited Walker, Alice.   "In Search of Our Mothers' Gardens." Major Modern Essayists. Second Edition.   Ed. Gilbert H. Muller with Alan F. Crooks.   Englewood Cliffs:   Prentice Hall, 1994. 329-337.

Ssm is a qualitative methodology

IntroductionSoft Systems MethodologyDefinitionSoft systems methodological analysis ( SSM ) is a systemic attack for covering with real-world job state of affairss. Peter Checkland and his co-workers developed soft systems methodological analysis from system theory at Lancaster University in the United Kingdom. SSM is a qualitative methodological analysis and was developed utilizing action research so that it is besides treated as a theoretical methodological analysis. The bosom of SSM is a comparing between the universe as it is, and some theoretical accounts of the universe as it might be.Out of this comparing originate a better apprehension of the universe ( â€Å"research† ) , and some thoughts for betterment ( â€Å"action† ) . ( See Figure 1 )Use of SSMInitially, the systems can be divided into two facets: proficient and human activity systems. However, human activity systems are much harder to pattern. The people ‘s place, people ‘s action and their relationship are involved. Therefore, it is more complex and mutable. Soft Systems Methodology places an accent on human activity systems. Furthermore, SSM is peculiarly used at the analysis phase of developing information systems. It is non a methodological analysis to cover all phases of the systems development life rhythm ( SDLC ) . However, SSM is extraordinary good at elaborating political and soft, people-oriented issues. Furthermore, it refers to job state of affairs instead than jobs. lAny composite, organisational, ill-structured, fuzzed, soft, and dynamic job state of affairsThe 7-Step Description1 The job state of affairs: unstructured The purpose of first measure is to understand the job state of affairs and addition as many different positions as possible. 2The job state of affairs: expressed Then is this phase, the research worker produces a elaborate presentation, a â€Å"rich picture† , of the state of affairs. Rich pictures show stakeholders, their duty, cardinal interactions, struggles, political issues and concerns. This measure is frequently done graphically. 3Root definitions of relevant systems After that, the root definitions of relevant systems are identified. Root definitions are intended to depict both political and personal premises. The root definition is frequently produced by CATWOE checklist in order to do certain all of import points are included.Client ( people who affected by the system )Actor ( people who convert inputs to end products )Transformation ( the alterations that take topographic point )Weltanschauung ( the relevant universe position or premises )Owner ( people who has the power )Environment ( the wider system or restraints )4Building conceptual theoretical accounts This measure is to pull conceptual theoretical accounts utilizing the root definition. A conceptual theoretical account exhibits the activities of the systems that represented in the root definition. 5Comparing conceptual theoretical accounts with world Compare and contrast the conceptual theoretical account with the rich image is considered in this measure. The purpose of is to look into the apprehension is right and whether the conceptual theoretical account can dress the job struggles. 6Assess whether the alterations are executable and desirable After comparing, suggested alterations are identified and evaluated.Those alterations can probably to change in desirableness and feasibleness: Desirability: Does it better technically? Feasible: Does it suit the civilization? 7Action to better the job state of affairs The recommendation will set into pattern.Analysis the CaseBackgroundBirths, deceases and matrimonies ( BDM ) in Salford Council has a long history. BDM office provides services such as registry a birth, decease or matrimony certifications, and aid with following household braid. As the services are more and more popular, the Salford Online Archive and Retrieval system ( SOLAR ) is introduced.Current Existing ProblemBDM staff reported trouble in covering with the clients during peek times.Long waiting lines developed at the response desk and the other service centres during popular times.Conflicts between the clients and staff happened.The contrasting demands of two different clients groups are hard to manage at the same time.Reasons why SSM is AppropriateThere are five major grounds why SSM is appropriate. First of wholly, the jobs of BDM office are decidedly organisational, ill-structured jobs. Soft Systems Methodology focuses on the human activities systems. And it is good at clear uping political and soft, people-oriented issues. After that, there are many different positions of the systems their demand in BDM state of affairss. SSM is besides such a methodological analysis that can cover with complex organisational and political job state of affairss where those involved lack a common understanding good. Additionally, the assorted facets of the jobs are extremely interrelated in the state of affairs of BDM. So if alteration one facet is likely to hold a enormous impact on other facets. As a systemic methodological analysis, SSM is helpful to develop such a moderately holistically understanding of the correlativities of the assorted facets of the job state of affairs. Furthermore, the intent of SSM is to transport out betterments in a state of affairs perceived as debatable. Meanwhile, SSM does non try to work out ‘the job ‘ but to ease a acquisition procedure which allows its users to bit by bit develop a more comprehensive apprehension of the state of affairs under survey. As a consequence, stakeholders are more likely to make understandings about what alterations in the state of affairs the involved parties can populate with. Finally, SSM uses a set of specific techniques and strict tools to see a â€Å"messy† job. Techniques contains†¦ †¦Application of SSMPhase 1 and 2In order to develop rich image of this instance, it is critical to derive as many different positions as possible.The stakeholders consist of clients, BDM Office staff, directors of the BDM Office, the possible spouses and the advisers of Salford City council.Client: We want to bask quality service and support.BDM Office staff: We were enthusiastic about the proviso of the call Centre services because it could liberate up the specializer resources, cut downing force per unit area and assisting to cut down the waiting clip for clients.Directors: We concerned on the current bing jobs and we can merely work out these jobs every bit shortly as possible.Potential spouses: We are interested in the proposals made by advisers which can do the populace services to be organized.Advisers: We concerned on more incorporate attack for future service development which can do the public service organized.Phase 3After set uping rich ima ge, root definitions of two relevant systems in phase 3 should be considered. The well-known CATWOE checklist will be used to place cardinal elements of the root definition.Phase 4Once the root definitions have been established, conceptual theoretical accounts that describe the activities should be conducted at phase 4. Therefore, the root definition of clients will be used to develop the conceptual theoretical account.Phase 5

Human Motivation essays

Human Motivation essays In some ways, U.S. business has come a long way from the "leave your brain at the gate" era. Supervisors can no longer get by with saying "Do it because I said so," and executivessome of them at leastexpect input from their managers, and reward them for providing it. After the introduction of Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs in business schools, there was at least an awareness that modern people are motivated by lots besides fear. Understanding the bases of motivation has done a lot to change the way companies reward their employees. At MRI Center, motivation is expected to be intrinsic to a great degree, because it is an organization employing mainly professionals in their fields. But there is always room for reward and encouragement, and MRI Center provides both. Relationship of human needs to motivation Survival needs are being met by paychecks, and they are not otherwise addressed at MRI Center. But social needs play a role in some of the rewards. "To belong and be accepted by others" is the core definition of this need. (Thinkers, 1999) In the workplace, that means that man as a social being' wants to belong to more than just the company as a whole; belonging to a specific work group is also not only necessary in terms of getting the work done, but desirable in terms of fulfilling employee needs and thereby motivating them. One of the group's employees may belong to is a mentoring group. This helps both old and new employees. Many workplace gurus have recommended a formal program of mentoring. One believes that " coaches' can do a better job helping employees build careers within the company than the employees' managers, who are too busy handling technical issues." (Scheier, 1997) Whether or not career building is enhanced, MRI Center new employees like to know there is a volunteer' to whom they can bring bo...